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To your left is the file menu. I will explain on what each bit does as well as the the drop-downs. This is usually the first menu that you come to when you want to start anything new. I will start from the top and work to the bottom of the list.
New: This is where you can start a new document or a blank image in which you want to create something on. New window will open up, type what you want in the boxes and click OK. You will have a new document on a default white background.
Open: This will open a window and then you can locate on what image file that you want to open. The most common files are .jpg, .png and the Photoshop .psd file. Once you have selected your image, it will then open in Photoshop.
Browse in Bridge: This is to view all your images as a thumbnail especially your photos. I will not go into much details as you can use this as a separate programme.
Browse in Mini Bridge: This gives you easy access to your images inside Photoshop. Again not going into much detail as this is smaller version of Bridge.
Open As: The default for this when you select this will be "All Formats" and this is roughly the same as Open, I think. I have not ever really need to use this so I don't bother this one.
Open As Smart Object: Same as Open and Open As, though when you open your document, the open file becomes a Smart Object rather than the standard usual layer when you open your selected file.
Open Recent: Does exactly what it says on the tin. This will open your most recent document that you have may otherwise closed by accident and this is a quick way of retrieving the file.
Share My Screen: Think that you can use this to transfer control of the shared desktop, window, or application to another person. I have not used this so I actually don't know and I have no need or use of this.
Create New Review: I honestly have no clue on this means as I have not used this in my life. I have done a search, but found nothing on this, sorry.
Device Central: This is to test what you have created on multiple of devices, comprehensive testing facility that approximate on how graphics and pages will look on mobile/cell devices with different screen resolutions, colour depths, memory constraints, and other performance characteristics. The final release was CS5.5 October 4 2011.
Close: This closes the current tab/window that you are view or used.
Close All: Closes all of the current tabs/windows that you have had open at that time.
Close and Go To Bridge: This closes your current image and allows you to go to Bridge in one fell shot. You can then select your next image to open again in Photoshop.
Save: Saves your current edited images that you have edited.
Save As: Saves your new image to you file name and location choice so you can open or edit later.
Check In: File management when Adobe included Version Cue with Photoshop. I have never used this and don't know the ins and outs of this.
Save for Web & Devices: Saves your current file for use for the web and mobile/cell devices after you have messed about in the window.
Revert: Some things can go wrong and it is sometimes best to go back. This will undo any changes that you have made and bring back your file to when you have open it or the last time you have saved it.
Place: This opens your selected file and then it places it on top of your current image.
This is the sub-menu for Import and I'll try to explain as what each one does and do.
Variable Data Sets: Sorry I have no idea on what this does. I think that it is something to when you're retrieving the data from a data source instead of just turning layers on and off. I dunno really.
Video Frames to Layers: Sorts your videos in to different layers and you can save that as single image.
Notes: Opens up the window where the default is file is PFD and you can open in Photoshop? I honestly don't know as I have never had a need for this.
WIA Support: On 64-bit Windows, use the Windows Image Acquisition (WIA) interface to import from your device. Import from your device using WIA. Using the software included with your imaging device, import and save images, and then open the saved images in Photoshop.